Urban transport systems in large European cities are generally well developed, allowing you to move easily. The vast majority have subway, train, tram and bus systems.
One way to move around easily is to have the map of the transport system, which is sometimes already available on city maps or is distributed separately.
Usually the systems are integrated, so if you are going in a single direction you can use different transports with the same ticket. To buy tickets, in the vast majority of cities there are self-service machines in different languages, including the main ones: English, German and French. Some have places with people to attend to the public, but usually only at the main station. There are basically two types of access to transportation, those that do not have gates and the tickets are sampled and those that have gates. There are several models with regard to tickets. A ticket that is sometimes worth it are those of 24, 48, 72 hours or even weekly and monthly. If you want to spend a lot of time in the city, this is one of the best options. I used the 24-hour ticket in venice in budapest, the 72-hour ticket, and in Rome I used the 48-hour Roma pass which served both public transport and tourist attractions.
If you are planing to walk more on foot and use public transport only in emergencies, buy single tickets. In Hamburg and Zurich for example, you buy the ticket in the machine and do not validate. In the case of hamburg you should buy at the entrance station according to the distance you will go (short distance 1.5 euros, average stretch 2 euros and long stretch 2.5 euros). In the case of Zurich you must inform the section and set whether you want only one way or daily ticket for the passage. Both cities use the sampling control system and there are no turnstiles.
In other cities like Vienna, Bratislava and Budapest, the unique tickets need to be validated. You buy an empty ticket and when you use it, stamp it on the machine.
In Brussels and Amsterdam, the ticket also needs to be validated at the entrance and exit, but both cities operate on the ticketing system.
Additionally in Munich and some other cities there is also a ticket called schtreifenkarte (card with stripe). In this case you should stamp the number of stripes according to the distance you are traveling, but this one I do not recommend using because it is a little more complicated.
A relevant point is the class of the ticket, as some cities distinguish prices from class 1 (less comfortable) and class 2 (more comfortable), just as the wagons are marked with the number 1 and 2. The important thing is not to risk traveling without a ticket Because the fines vary from 40 euros to 80 euros and in some cities is a crime and you can be taken to the police. Otherwise, if you are in doubt, always ask some local person because buying a ticket and buying wrong is the worst thing you can do in a European city. And have a good trip!
